In the heart of the Rift Valley, Lake Magadi, fed by natural springs, with its warm, salty waters rich in micro-organisms, is a true natural spectacle. We visited this magic place.

From Nairobi, the distance to travel is only about a hundred kilometres. It is a rather tortuous road but it’s not in the least boring. The first stretch, which heads decidedly south, winds through the hills of Ngong, those inhabited and praised by Karen Blixen, made famous by ‘Out of Africa’, a succession of gentle reliefs lined with flourishing and
orderly agricultural fields.
Little by little, as we move away from the capital, the landscape becomes more arid and barren. The inhabited centres become sparser, the little traffic disappears completely, the hills become depopulated, and some solitary Maasai shepherds can be glimpsed on the horizon with their herds as you proceed on a pothole-studded track in an open landscape and wrapped in torrid heat. Finally, at the end of the road we arrive in Magadi, pass through the anonymous town and look out onto a natural terrace that seems to be suspended on a rainbow.

The pink waters of Lake Magadi. CC BY-SA 2.0/Lynne Tuller

The view is an explosion of colours that leaves us speechless. Red, pink, orange, violet, green, yellow. Fiery tones and strong contrasts. All in an unreal silence. It looks like a painting by Matisse. But it is a natural painting, the result of a chemical alchemy that has created a magical place here in the heart of the Rift Valley.
Extended over one hundred square kilometres, Lake Magadi is an alkaline basin fed mainly by natural springs of hot and salty water. It is surrounded by volcanic hills that dissolve large quantities of sodium carbonate in its waters, like the nearby Lake Natron, located just across the border with Tanzania, with which in ancient times it formed a single large lake.The characteristic scarlet colour that unites both basins is due to the presence of alkaline rocks and small bacteria that live in the waters rich in salts and carbonates. The lack of outlets and the evaporation of the water increases the concentration of salts to such an extent that its surface is completely covered by a layer of crystallized soda, which in some parts of the basin extends several meters deep.

Men collecting soda ash in Lake Magadi. iStock/JordiStock

The different temperatures and salt densities produce areas of different colours that together create an extremely fascinating visual effect. It goes from pale pink to fiery red, depending on the quantity of microorganisms fed by the salt, like a sort of kaleidoscope that changes continuously throughout the year.
During the dry season, 80 per cent of the lake is covered by soda. At this time of year, the lake is dotted with thousands of waders and pink flamingos, among the few animal species able to live in this extreme habitat, which feeds on the algae and microorganisms that live in its waters. Only one fish species, the cichlid Alcolapia Grahami, is present in the lake basin. But the only thing that interests humans in Lake Magadi is the bicarbonate that is extracted on its shores and processed in various factories in the city of the same name, where it is refined and processed into pharmaceutical products. (Marco Trovato/Africa) – (Photo: Lake Magadi. CC BY-SA 4.0/Antony Trivet)

It is used in traditional medicine to treat and prevent a wide range of ailments. It is native to Africa and is found in grasslands
and semi-shaded areas. 

Dichrocephala integrifolia (Family Asteraceae) is an erect or spreading, aromatic annual plant growing to an average of 40cm in height. It often branches freely at the base, though can be unbranched, and forms new roots at the leaf nodes. Leaves are usually obovate or ovate or lance-shaped, lateral lobes 1 or 2 pairs.
Flower-heads are few, spherical, 3-6 mm across, on slender diverging flower-cluster-stalks. Ray florets are pinkish or white and disc florets are yellow. The fruit is hydrochorous with seed pods measuring about 1 mm long, smooth or with finely velvet hair. Dichrocephala integrifolia is native to Africa and distributed in grassland and semi-shaded areas.

In East Africa, the plant is commonly used in the treatment of skin infections. Courtesy: iNaturalist

It is widely used in traditional medicine to treat and prevent a wide range of disease conditions including dementia, Alzheimer, gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhoea, hepatitis, worm infections, amebiasis and some central nervous system illnesses. It is also used in several communities during tooth extraction and to treat schizophrenia, wounds, epilepsy, headache, asthma, inflammation, malaria, jaundice, filariasis, neuritis and children’s night agitation. It is also known to have anxiolytic properties. The infusion of the whole plant is administered to treat memory impairment and hepatic disorders. In central Africa, the plant is known to be used for the treatment of eye diseases, intestinal worms, and leishmaniasis.

The leaves are crushed and used to treat ulcers and swellings. Courtesy: iNaturalist

In East Africa, the plant is commonly used in the treatment of skin infections. A decoction made from the whole plant has been used as emetics, purgatives, antitumor and also for the management of liver, spleen, kidney, bladder, bone and joint diseases. Paste made by pounding the whole plant is used as an antidote for snake bites. The plant juice is used as a treatment against filariasis and malarial fevers. The plant juice is also applied in the nose to treat sinusitis and migraine. The dried and powdered Dichrocephala  chrocephala whole plant is applied as a dressing on old infected wounds to enhance healing. The juice of the plant is applied to cuts and wounds to quicken the healing process. Dichrocephala integrifolia is used as a therapy for hypertension, inflammatory diseases, stomach ulcers, and liver dysfunctions. Dichrocephala integrifolia young shoots used as poultice for treating blennorrhagia and insect stings, spiders or scorpions.

The juice of the plant is applied to cuts and wounds to quicken the healing process. Courtesy: iNaturalist

The decoction prepared from its leaves is used in the treatment of Alzheimer and dementia diseases. Fresh leaves and stems are used as an aesthetic in atraumatic tooth extraction. The leaves are antiviral. The leaves are crushed and used to treat ulcers and swellings. It is placed on the fractured, painful, or carious teeth for two to three minutes, causing it to become loose, and then pulled. The sap from the crushed leaves is reapplied to the extraction site to enhance clotting and arrest bleeding. The leaf infusion is used by traditional healers in the treatment of oxidative stress disorders and memory loss. Decoction of flower buds is used as sudorific and diuretic. The aroma of the crushed flower heads is inhaled to induce sneezing and thus helps to reduce nasal congestion.
The medicinal potential of Dichrocephala integrifolia may be attributed to the various phytochemicals in it including diterpene lactones, sesquiterpenes lactones, sterols, dichrocephol, dicaffeoylquinic, saponins, alkaloids anthraquinones, and flavonoids. The plant contains flavonoids like rutin which exhibits great pharmacological activities. Indeed, rutin is known as a ‘capillary protectant’. Apart from the medicinal uses, Dichrocephala. integrifolia is used to treat cattle for swelling, infection, necrosis, edema, and pain. (Open Photo: CC BY-SA 3.0/Fagus)

Richard Komakech

The Tassili Ajjer massif is home to the world’s largest rock art museum and incredible rock formations shaped over millions of years. And in the Hoggar Mountains, you walk between earth and sky, enveloped in silence.

Southern Algeria is a treasure chest of secrets. In this remote area of ​​the Sahara, between the geological folds of two national parks – Tassili n’Ajjer and Tassili Hoggar – stands the largest museum
in the world of rock art.

The Tassili Ajjer. Southern Algeria is a treasure chest of secrets. File swm

It was a soldier of the French colonial army, Henri Lhote, who first provided information and catalogued and studied engravings and paintings that tell the story not only of the desert but of man himself, representing moments of daily life, the fauna and flora of an environment now disappeared under the sands, the spirituality and ancient rituals of our Saharan predecessors. On the Tassili n’Ajjer plateau, which is the natural border between Libya and Algeria, at about 1,800 meters above sea level there is a small miracle: near the town of Tamrit you can still see about two hundred specimens of Cupressus dupreziana, what remains of a forest that once was.

The pearl of Tassili
Djanet is the capital of the province of the same name and a starting point for discovering one of the most fascinating and beautiful regions from a cultural point of view, not only in Algeria, but in the entire Sahara. Djanet started as a small military outpost during French colonization (at the time it was called Fort Charlet), of which the small fort on the hill overlooking the oasis remains. Considered “the pearl of Tassili” thanks to its immense palm grove, the city is made up of five villages: El Mihan, Adjahil, Azelouaz, Ain Berber, Tin Katma; the latter is the ancient heart, and also the commercial centre, of the oasis.

Djanet is the capital of the province of the same name and a starting point for discovering one of the most fascinating and beautiful regions in the entire Sahara.CC BY-SA 4.0/Brahim Djelloul Djanet. CC BY-SA 3.0/habib kaki

Arriving at sunset at the entrance to the ksar (fortified village) of El Mihan means having in front of you a fascinating nativity scene, now semi-abandoned. With its unfading charm, Djanet is the main gateway to an ecomuseum that extends for 80,000 square kilometres, in an area that is sometimes covered with dunes but mostly rocky: the soft sandstone rocks have allowed the preservation, according to the most recent estimates, of 70,000 paintings and rock engravings, a number that is sure to rise with the reconnaissance resumed in recent years. The rare visitors walk on the plateau among lithic finds and ceramic fragments that appear on the surface of the sand: arrows, chisels, scrapers and millstones, witnesses of a life characterized first by gathering, fishing and hunting, then by livestock farming. Touching one of these ancient tools of human history is an emotion possible only in a few other places in the world.

The silence of the Hoggar
The spectacle continues in the Tassili Hoggar, a massif that takes its name from the Tuareg population that traditionally lives there, the Kel Ahaggar. It starts from Tamanrasset, the capital, at 1,400 meters above sea level, an ideal stage for romantic adventures narrated in books and films that have made it famous among the European public. Oral traditions say that Queen Tin Hinan, a legendary heroine from whom the local Tuaregs originated, lived in this area. To reinforce the narratives that assert the historical authenticity of Tin Hinan, a colossal megalithic monument near Abalessa, about eighty kilometres from Tamanrasset, is referred to by all as “the tomb of Tin Hinan”.

This region is rich in rock art.File swm

This region is also rich in rock art, but the numbers are not as impressive as those of the Tassili Park. The volcanic region of Hoggar is famous thanks to Charles de Foucauld: French, a Trappist friar, he moved in 1905 to Tamanrasset, where he died in 1916. He founded a small hermitage on Assekrem, a peak of 2,800 meters high, still today a destination for pilgrims and tourists.
Braving the climate and the hardships, they push themselves up to the reddish peaks of the Atakor chain, Mount Tahat, the highest peak in Algeria (2,908 meters), and Ilamane (2,739) to admire sunrises and sunsets in absolute silence, gathered in a muffled atmosphere of solitude and deep spirituality.

The fascination of the M’zab
The Algerian Sahara is full of beauties to discover. Ghardaïa, the capital of the Mozabite pentapolis, where time seems to have stopped and people live clinging to the slow rhythm of daily life and traditions.
The five villages of the M’zab were built in a natural basin for defensive purposes: the Mozabites, puritans of Islam, were fleeing persecution and in Ghardaïa they found the place that has allowed them to survive
to the present day.

Great mosque of Ghardaia.CC BY-SA 3.0/Gigi Sorrentino

In Ghardaïa nothing is by chance and no detail is overlooked: the walls of the houses are plastered so that the sun’s rays do not heat the inner spaces of the homes, completely bare of furniture but full of niches and built-in wardrobes; the flow of water from the public fountains flows away to irrigate date palms whose fruits are still divided equally among the inhabitants; nothing disturbs the quiet of the residential neighbourhoods because commercial activities are concentrated at the base of the villages, built in a cone around the mosque, on natural hills, with an almost perfect urban layout. Ghardaïa is unique, yes, like its inhabitants, men in traditional clothes consisting of pleated trousers and women who look like white ghosts, covered entirely (except for one eye) as they furtively wander through the narrow alleys of the villages.

A nearby world
West of Ghardaïa, the fascinating “gardens of Saura” open up: in a desert territory, flat and hostile but caressed by the immense dunes of the Western Erg, there are numerous ancient Berber villages built of clay, mud and straw: small fortified oases, which developed thanks to trade with black Africa and the West. In the fifteenth century, a Venetian merchant, Antonio Malfante, left the Serenissima to reach the small oasis of Adrar on the back of a camel in search of fortune: in his letters to his Genoese friend, he recounts his adventure but above all the defeat that led him, the first white man to venture so far south, to return
home empty-handed.

The Mediterranean has been a fruitful space of relationships and trade in which multiple human destinies have intertwined. File swm

He is not the only European to have entered the country in the past: Isabelle Eberhardt, a Swiss explorer and writer of Russian origin, travelled disguised as a man in the desert at the end of the nineteenth century, leaving us important testimonies of places and situations closed to women in a society that was male-dominated at the time. In the same period, the painter Étienne Dinet lived in Bou Saada, 250 kilometres south of Algiers, where his house was transformed into a small museum, immortalizing with his brush the daily life of the oases in masterpieces now preserved at the Musée d’Orsay in Paris. The Mediterranean has never represented an obstacle between Europe and Africa, rather it has been a fruitful space of relationships and trade in which multiple human destinies have intertwined. (Open Photo: File swm)

Oriana Dal Bosco/Africa